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- $Unique_ID{BRK04099}
- $Pretitle{}
- $Title{Pertussis}
- $Subject{Pertussis Whooping Cough Catarrhal Stage Paroxysmal Stage
- Convalescent Stage}
- $Volume{}
- $Log{}
-
- Copyright (C) 1986, 1988 National Organization for Rare Disorders, Inc.
-
- 191:
- Pertussis
-
- ** IMPORTANT **
- It is possible the main title of the article (Pertussis) is not the name
- you expected. Please check the SYNONYMS listing to find the alternate names
- and disorder subdivisions covered by this article.
-
- Synonyms
-
- Whooping Cough
-
- DISORDER SUBDIVISIONS
-
- Catarrhal Stage
- Paroxysmal Stage
- Convalescent Stage
-
- General Discussion
-
- ** REMINDER **
- The information contained in the Rare Disease Database is provided for
- educational purposes only. It should not be used for diagnostic or treatment
- purposes. If you wish to obtain more information about this disorder, please
- contact your personal physician and/or the agencies listed in the "Resources"
- section of this report.
-
-
- Pertussis is caused by the coccobacillus Bordetella pertussis bacteria.
- This bacillus invades the mucous membranes of the nose, throat, trachea,
- bronchi, and bronchioles causing increased secretion of mucus which is
- initially thin and later thick. The disease lasts about six weeks and is
- divided into three stages: catarrhal, paroxysmal, and convalescent.
-
- Pertussis is extremely rare in populations where vaccination is used to
- prevent this disease in children. In fact, the best therapy for whooping
- cough is prevention through vaccination with the DPT vaccine. The U.S.
- Centers for Disease Control in Atlanta, GA suggests the small risk associated
- with the DPT vaccine is negligible compared to the severity of the disease
- itself.
-
- Symptoms
-
- The catarrhal stage of Pertussis begins gradually with symptoms such as
- sneezing, tearing, or other signs of a common cold, loss of appetite and
- listlessness. A troublesome, hacking, nocturnal cough which eventually
- remains throughout the day is also present. Fever is rare.
-
- The cough in Pertussis becomes paroxysmal (suddenly recurring) after 10
- to 14 days. There may be from 5 to over 15 rapidly consecutive coughs
- followed by the whoop (a hurried, deep inhalation). Following a few normal
- breaths, another paroxysm may begin. Copious amounts of thick mucus may be
- expelled (usually swallowed by infants and young children) during or
- following the paroxysms. Vomiting after the paroxysms, which may be due to
- gagging on the mucus, is characteristic. Choking spells may be more common
- than whoops in infants.
-
- The convalescent stage of Pertussis usually begins within four weeks
- after onset. Paroxysms are not so frequent or severe, vomiting decreases,
- and the patient looks and feels better. Paroxysmal coughing may recur for
- months, usually as a result of irritation from an upper respiratory
- infection.
-
- In severe cases, Pertussis may cause brain damage or death.
-
- Causes
-
- Pertussis is caused by the coccobacillus Bordetella pertussis bacteria.
-
- Affected Population
-
- Pertussis especially strikes young children; in older children, the symptoms
- tend to be less severe. Adults and older people are rarely affected.
- Between 1984-1986, there were 5,685 cases of Pertussis reported to the
- Centers for Disease Control (CDC) in Atlanta, GA. The actual number of cases
- may be much higher. The World Health Organization (WHO) estimates that 60
- million cases of Pertussis occur worldwide each year and that this disorder
- is responsible for 500,000 to one million deaths per year in the world.
-
- Related Disorders
-
- Bronchitis and influenza often show symptoms similar to Pertussis in the
- catarrhal stage (mucous discharge from the nose and throat). A positive
- culture for B Pertussis from a nasopharyngeal specimen indicates the presence
- of Pertussis.
-
- Therapies: Standard
-
- Hospitalization is recommended for infants with Pertussis. Small, frequent
- meals are advisable. Parenteral fluid (IV) therapy may be required to
- replace salt and water loss if vomiting is severe. In infants, careful
- suction from the throat may be necessary, and tracheostomy or nasotracheal
- intubation is occasionally necessary. Oxygen should be given if cyanosis
- (bluish coloration of the skin and mucous membranes) persists after removal
- of mucus.
-
- Seriously ill infants should be housed in a darkened, quiet room and
- disturbed as little as possible to prevent frequent coughing. Close
- attention should be paid to the nutritional needs of the infant, since
- malnutrition can contribute significantly to an adverse outcome of the
- disease. Expectorant cough mixtures, cough suppressants, and sedatives are
- of little value and should be used cautiously or not at all. Antibiotics
- should be used only for bacterial complications.
-
- The best therapy for whooping cough is prevention through vaccination
- with the DPT vaccine. The U.S. Centers for Disease Control in Atlanta, GA
- suggests the small risk associated with the DPT vaccine is negligible
- compared to the severity of the disease itself.
-
- The most severe complication of DPT vaccination is the very rare
- occurrence of irreversible brain damage caused by the Pertussis vaccine in
- DPT (Diphtheria, Pertussis, Tetanus vaccine). The American Academy of
- Pediatrics has reported "near epidemic" local outbreaks of whooping cough in
- at least 10 geographic areas in the United States where parents have not
- permitted immunization of their children against Pertussis because of this
- complication. The Centers for Disease Control tabulated over 2,000 cases of
- whooping cough in the United States during the first 11 months of 1985.
- Before the DPT vaccine became commercially available, 250,000 cases of
- whooping cough occurred yearly in the United States resulting in 4,000 to
- 5,000 deaths annually. A recent British study indicated that serious side
- effects due to the DPT vaccine occurred in only 1 out of every 110,000 DPT
- vaccinations, whereas the risk of suffering brain damage from whooping cough
- itself is 1 in every 9,500 cases. Research on a new, safer Pertussis vaccine
- is presently underway.
-
- Doctors fear an outbreak of whooping cough in the United States due to a
- recent rise in the cost of the DPT vaccine. Lederle Laboratories recently
- announced that the price of the vaccine will rise from $67 per vial to more
- than $170 per vial due to a substantial increase in product liability
- insurance. Lederle has been sued for $2.2 billion during recent years
- because of the vaccine.
-
- While the Centers for Disease Control estimates that only one in 100,000
- to 300,000 children will develop serious complications from the DPT vaccine,
- it is estimated that one youngster in 9,500 who get whooping cough will
- suffer similar brain damage or will die as a consequence of the disorder.
- The State of Oklahoma presently leads the nation in cases of whooping cough.
-
- Therapies: Investigational
-
- Tests of experimental acellular bacterial Pertussis vaccines in Sweden and
- Japan have not shown a high success rate as initially hoped. According to
- the scientists, more study is necessary because of the complexity of the
- bacterial acellular vaccines.
-
- This disease entry is based upon medical information available through
- September 1989. Since NORD's resources are limited, it is not possible to
- keep every entry in the Rare Disease Database completely current and
- accurate. Please check with the agencies listed in the Resources section for
- the most current information about this disorder.
-
- Resources
-
- For more information on Pertussis, please contact:
-
- National Organization for Rare Disorders (NORD)
- P.O. Box 8923
- New Fairfield, CT 06812-1783
- (203) 746-6518
-
- NIH/National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases
- 9000 Rockville Pike
- Bethesda, MD 20892
- (301) 496-5717
-
- Centers for Disease Control (CDC)
- 1600 Clifton Road
- Atlanta, GA 30333
- (404) 639-3534
-
- Dissatisfied Parents Together (DPT)
- 128 Branch Road
- Vienna, VA 22180
- DPT is a group of parents whose children have had serious adverse
- reactions to childhood vaccines.
-
- References
-
- CECIL TEXTBOOK OF MEDICINE, 18th ed.: James B. Wyngaarden, and Lloyd H.
- Smith, Jr., Eds.: W. B. Saunders Co., 1988. Pp. 1624-6.
-
- THE MERCK MANUAL 15th ed: R. Berkow, et al: eds; Merck, Sharp & Dohme
- Research Laboratories, 1987. P. 2008.
-
-